1. Malo omangidwa
(1) Asanamange malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira, wogwiritsa ntchito amafunika kutsitsa pansi pa malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira ndi 200-250mm, ndikukonza pansi;
(2) Mapaipi otulutsira madzi pansi pa madzi ndi mapaipi otulutsira madzi oundana ayenera kusiyidwa pansi pa malo osungira madzi ozizira. Palibe njira yotulutsira madzi pansi pa madzi mufiriji ndipo mapaipi otulutsira madzi oundana ayenera kukhala kunja kwa malo osungira madzi ozizira;
(3) Malo osungiramo zinthu zotentha pang'ono amafunika kuyika mawaya otenthetsera pansi, ndipo imodzi imakhala yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ina. Mawaya otenthetsera atayikidwa pansi, gawo loteteza pansi likhoza kuyikidwa ndi chitetezo choyambirira cha pafupifupi 2 mm. Ngati pansi pomwe pali malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira ndiye pansi yotsika kwambiri, mawaya otenthetsera sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pansi pa malo osungiramo zinthu zotentha pang'ono.
2. Bolodi lotetezera kutentha
Bolodi lotetezera kutentha liyenera kutsatira muyezo wa dziko lonse ndikukhala ndi lipoti loyesa kuchokera ku Bureau of Technical Supervision.
2.1 Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha
Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bolodi lotetezera kutentha la polyurethane lomwe lili ndi mbale yachitsulo yopopera pulasitiki kapena mbale yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri mbali zonse ziwiri, yokhala ndi makulidwe osachepera 100mm. Zipangizo zotetezera kutenthazo ndizoletsa moto ndipo zilibe ma CFC. Zimaloledwa kuwonjezera gawo lina la zinthu zolimbitsa kuti zigwire bwino ntchito, koma sizingachepetse magwiridwe antchito a zotetezera kutentha.
2.2 Mbali ya khoma lotetezedwa ndi insulation
(1) Mapanelo amkati ndi akunja ndi mbale zachitsulo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
(2) Chophimba cha mbale zachitsulo zokhala ndi utoto chiyenera kukhala chopanda poizoni, chopanda fungo, cholimba, komanso chogwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse ya ukhondo wa chakudya.
2.3 Zofunikira pakugwira ntchito konse kwa chishango chotenthetsera
(1) Palibe zinthu zotetezera kutentha zomwe zimaloledwa pamalo olumikizirana a bolodi lotetezera kutentha, ndipo sipayenera kukhala zolakwika zokhala ndi kutalika kopitilira 1.5mm pamalo olumikizirana.
(2) Pamwamba pa bolodi lotetezera kutentha payenera kukhala pabwino komanso posalala, ndipo pasakhale zopindika, mikwingwirima, mabala, kapena zolakwika zosafanana.
(3) Njira zolimbikitsira zimaloledwa kutengedwa mkati mwa bolodi lotetezera kutentha kuti liwongolere mphamvu ya makina, koma siziloledwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kutetezera kutentha.
(4) Zinthu zozungulira bolodi lotetezera kutentha ziyenera kukhala zolimba mofanana ndi zinthu zotetezera kutentha, ndipo zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri siziloledwa.
(5) Payenera kukhala njira zopewera kuzizira kwa milatho pakati pa makoma oteteza kutentha ndi nthaka.
(6) Zolumikizira pakati pa matabwa otetezera kutentha ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi guluu wagalasi kapena guluu wina wopanda poizoni, wopanda fungo lachilendo, wopanda kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zovulaza, wokwaniritsa zofunikira za ukhondo wa chakudya komanso wotseka bwino.
(7) Kapangidwe ka kulumikizana pakati pa mapanelo oteteza kutentha kuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti pali kupanikizika pakati pa malo olumikizirana ndi kulumikizana kolimba kwa malo olumikizirana.
2.4 Zofunikira pakukhazikitsa chishango chotenthetsera
Msoko pakati pa bolodi la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ndi bolodi la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu uyenera kutsekedwa bwino, cholumikizira pakati pa bolodi ziwiri za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu uyenera kukhala wochepera 1.5mm, ndipo kapangidwe kake kayenera kukhala kolimba komanso kodalirika. Pambuyo polumikiza thupi losungiramo zinthu, zolumikizira zonse za bolodi losungiramo zinthu ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi chosindikizira chosasunthika komanso chofanana. Kapangidwe ka magawo osiyanasiyana a zolumikizira zafotokozedwa pansipa.
2.5 Chithunzi cha dongosolo la kulumikiza bolodi la laibulale
Pamene kutalika kwa denga kupitirira 4m kapena denga la malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira litadzazidwa, denga la malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira liyenera kukwezedwa. Malo a bolt ayenera kusankhidwa pakati pa mbale ya laibulale. Kuti mphamvu ya mbale ya laibulale ikhale yofanana momwe zingathere, chitsulo cha aluminiyamu kapena chivundikiro cha bowa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi.
2.6 Zofunikira pakutseka maulumikizidwe a ma board oteteza kutentha omwe akusungidwa
(1) Ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zinthu zotetezera kutentha za bolodi la pakhoma lomwe lili pakati pa bolodi la pakhoma ndi pansi zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zotetezera kutentha pansi, ndipo zimamatira bwino komanso sizimanyowa.
(2) Ngati malo olumikizirana a matabwa otetezera kutentha atsekedwa ndi kulumikizidwa ndi kuthira ndi kutulutsa thovu pamalopo, choyamba, onetsetsani kuti zipangizo zotetezera kutentha za matabwa awiri otetezera kutentha zitha kulumikizidwa bwino, kenako gwiritsani ntchito tepi yotsekera kuti mumamatire mofanana pamwamba pa malo olumikizirana kuti muchotse mipata ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chotetezeracho chalumikizidwa bwino.
(3) Zipangizo zotsekera zomwe zili pamalo olumikizirana a bolodi lotenthetsera kutentha ziyenera kukhala zoletsa kukalamba, zosagwira dzimbiri, zopanda poizoni, zopanda fungo lapadera, zopanda kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zovulaza, zokwaniritsa zofunikira paukhondo wa chakudya komanso zogwira ntchito bwino zotsekera. Zipangizo zotsekera zomwe zili pamalo olumikizirana ziyenera kusamutsidwa kapena kuchoka pamalopo kuti zitsimikizire kuti chotsekeracho chili cholimba komanso chofanana.
(4) Ngati tepi yotsekera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka zolumikizira za mapanelo oteteza kutentha, kukula kwa cholumikizira sikuyenera kupitirira 3mm.
(5) Mapanelo oteteza kutentha omwe amapanga malo osungiramo zinthu ayenera kukhala ogwirizana motsatira kutalika kwake, opanda malo olumikizirana apakati opingasa.
(6) Kukhuthala kwa gawo lotetezera kutentha la pansi losungiramo zinthu zozizira kuyenera kukhala ≥ 100mm.
(7) Njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya "mlatho wozizira" pa kapangidwe ka malo onyamulira denga la malo osungiramo zinthu, ndipo mabowo omwe ali pamalo onyamulira ayenera kutsekedwa.
(8) Mphamvu ya kutentha ya zinthu zonyamulira zomwe zalumikizidwa ku bolodi la nyumba yosungiramo katundu iyenera kukhala yaying'ono, ndipo mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu muyeneranso kuphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro cha chinthu chomwecho.
3. Zofunikira pa chitseko chosungiramo zinthu zozizira chokonzedweratu
1) Malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira omwe adakonzedwa kale ali ndi mitundu itatu ya zitseko: chitseko cholumikizidwa, chitseko chodzitsamira chokha chokhala ndi mbali imodzi, ndi chitseko chotsikira chokhala ndi mbali imodzi.
2) Kukhuthala, mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi kufunika kwa kutentha kwa chitseko chosungiramo zinthu zozizira ndi kofanana ndi kwa bolodi losungiramo zinthu, ndipo kapangidwe ka chimango cha chitseko ndi chitseko sikuyenera kukhala ndi milatho yozizira.
3) Mafelemu onse a zitseko zosungiramo zinthu zozizira kwambiri ayenera kuyikidwa ndi zipangizo zotenthetsera zamagetsi kapena zotenthetsera zapakati kuti chitseko chisazizire. Pamene magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, zipangizo zotetezera kutentha zamagetsi ndi njira zotetezera ziyenera kuperekedwa.
4) Zitseko za mafiriji ang'onoang'ono ndi mafiriji ndi zitseko zopachikidwa m'mbali mwa dzanja. Pamwamba pa chitseko pamafunika kukhala chimodzimodzi ndi pa bolodi loteteza kutentha. Sipayenera kukhala "mlatho wozizira" pachitseko ndi kapangidwe ka chitseko, ndipo kutsegula chitseko kuyenera kukhala madigiri oposa 90.
5) Chitseko chosungiramo zinthu zozizira chili ndi loko yotsekera chitseko, ndipo loko yotsekera chitseko ili ndi ntchito yoteteza kutulutsa zinthu.
6) Zitseko zonse za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ziyenera kukhala zofewa komanso zopepuka kuti zitsegulidwe ndi kutsekedwa. Malo otsekera chitseko ndi chitsekocho ziyenera kukhala zosalala komanso zathyathyathya, ndipo pasakhale zopindika, zopindika, kapena zokulungira zomwe zimakhota kapena kuonekera kuti zipangitse kukanda ndi kukanda. Zitha kumangiriridwa ku chitseko.
4. Zowonjezera za laibulale
1) Malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira otentha kwambiri (kutentha kosungira <-5°C = chipangizo chamagetsi chotenthetsera choletsa kuzizira ndi chipangizo chowongolera kutentha chokha chiyenera kukhala pansi pa nthaka kuti chiteteze bwino kuzizira ndi kusinthika kwa pansi pa bolodi losungiramo zinthu.
2) Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ili ndi magetsi owala a fluorescent omwe salola chinyezi komanso kuphulika, omwe amatha kugwira ntchito bwino pa -25°C. Chophimba nyali chiyenera kukhala cholimba, choteteza dzimbiri, choteteza asidi, komanso choteteza alkali. Kuwala kwa magetsi m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira polowera, kutuluka ndi kusungira katundu, ndipo kuwala kwa pansi kuyenera kukhala koposa 200lux.
3) Zipangizo zonse ndi zida zomwe zili mufiriji ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri komanso oletsa dzimbiri, koma ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti chophimbacho sichili ndi poizoni, sichidetsa chakudya, sichili ndi fungo lapadera, n'chosavuta kuyeretsa, sichili chosavuta kubereka mabakiteriya, komanso chikukwaniritsa zofunikira za ukhondo wa chakudya.
4) Mabowo a mapaipi ayenera kutsekedwa, osanyowa komanso osatenthedwa ndi kutentha, ndipo pamwamba pake pakhale posalala.
5) Malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira otentha kwambiri ayenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chowongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi kuti apewe ndikuchotsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi m'thupi losungiramo zinthu komanso kusintha kwa kutentha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha.
6) Zipangizo zoletsa kugundana ziyenera kuyikidwa m'mbali mwa msewu kunja kwa malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira. Chinsalu chowonekera bwino cha pulasitiki chosagwira kutentha kwambiri chiyenera kuyikidwa mkati mwa chitseko cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu.
7) Chizindikiro cha kutentha chikufunika kuti chiyikidwe pafupi ndi chitseko cha nyumba yosungiramo katundu.
8) Malo osungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa ayenera kukhala ndi ngalande yotulutsira madzi pansi kuti madzi otayira madzi azituluka poyeretsa malo osungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa.
5. Miyezo yosankhira zipangizo zazikulu ndi zowonjezera
Zipangizo zonse ziyenera kutsatira miyezo ya dziko, ndikukhala ndi satifiketi yotsimikizira kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zalembedwa komanso lipoti loyesa kuchokera ku Technical Supervision Bureau.
Miyezo yokhazikitsira zoziziritsira mpweya ndi mapaipi
1. Kukhazikitsa choziziritsira
1) Malo oyikapo choziziritsira mpweya amafunika kukhala kutali ndi chitseko cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, pakati pa khoma, ndipo choziziritsira mpweya chikayikidwa chiyenera kukhala chopingasa;
2) Choziziritsira mpweya chimakwezedwa padenga, ndipo kukhazikika kwake kuyenera kukonzedwa ndi maboluti apadera a nayiloni (nayiloni 66) kuti apewe kupanga milatho yozizira;
3) Pamene mabolts akugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza choziziritsira mpweya, pamafunika kuyika matabwa okwana sikweya okhala ndi kutalika koposa 100mm ndi makulidwe opitirira 5mm pamwamba pa denga kuti awonjezere malo onyamula katundu a bolodi yosungiramo katundu, kuteteza bolodi yosungiramo katundu kuti isawonongeke, ndikuletsa kupangika kwa milatho yozizira;
4) Mtunda pakati pa choziziritsira mpweya ndi khoma lakumbuyo ndi 300-500mm, kapena malinga ndi kukula komwe kwaperekedwa ndi wopanga choziziritsira mpweya;
5) Kayendedwe ka mphepo ka choziziritsira mpweya sikangathe kubwezeretsedwa m'mbuyo kuti chiziritsira mpweya chitulukire kunja;
6) Pamene malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira akusungunuka, injini ya fan iyenera kuchotsedwa kuti mpweya wotentha usalowe m'malo osungiramo zinthu panthawi yosungunuka;
7) Kutalika kwa katundu wa malo ozizira osungiramo zinthu kuyenera kukhala kochepera 30cm kuposa pansi pa choziziritsira mpweya.
2. Kukhazikitsa mapaipi oziziritsa
1) Mukayika valavu yowonjezera, phukusi lozindikira kutentha liyenera kumangiriridwa pamwamba pa chitoliro chobweza mpweya chopingasa, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chitoliro chobweza mpweya chikugwirizana bwino ndi chitoliro chobweza mpweya. Kunja kwa chitoliro chobweza mpweya kuyenera kutetezedwa kuti phukusi lozindikira kutentha lisakhudzidwe ndi kutentha kosungirako;
2) Chitoliro chobwezera mpweya cha choziziritsira mpweya chisanatuluke m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, chopindika chobwezera mafuta chiyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa chitoliro chokwezera;
3) Pamene chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa ndi kabati yosungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa kapena kabati yotenthetsera pakati zigawana gawo limodzi, valavu yowongolera kuthamanga kwa mpweya iyenera kuyikidwa payipi yobwerera ya chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa iyenera kulumikizidwa ku mapaipi a malo ena osungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa kapena makabati otenthetsera pakati;
4) Malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira ayenera kukhazikitsa ma valve odziyimira pawokha pa chitoliro chobwezera mpweya ndi chitoliro choperekera madzi kuti zithandize kuyambitsa ndi kukonza.
Kusankha, kuwotcherera, kuyala, kukonza, ndi kusunga kutentha kwa mapaipi ena kuyenera kuchitika motsatira miyezo yomwe yafotokozedwa mu "Refrigeration Pipeline Engineering Materials, Construction, and Inspection Standards".
3. Kukhazikitsa mapaipi otayira madzi
1) Paipi yotulutsira madzi yomwe ikuyenda mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu iyenera kukhala yaifupi momwe ingathere; paipi yotulutsira madzi yomwe ikuyenda kunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu iyenera kuyendetsedwa pamalo osaonekera kumbuyo kapena mbali ya malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira kuti isagunde ndikusokoneza mawonekedwe ake;
2) Chitoliro chotulutsira madzi cha fan yoziziritsira chiyenera kukhala ndi malo otsetsereka opita kunja kwa malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira, kuti madzi osungunula madzi athe kutuluka bwino m'malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira;
3) Kuti malo osungiramo zinthu azizizira komanso kutentha kogwira ntchito kosakwana 5°C, chitoliro chotulutsira madzi chomwe chili m'malo osungiramo zinthu chiyenera kukhala ndi chitoliro choteteza kutentha (makulidwe a khoma opitirira 25mm);
4) Waya wotenthetsera uyenera kuyikidwa mu chitoliro chotulutsira madzi mufiriji;
5) Chitoliro cholumikizira kunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu chiyenera kukhala ndi chotchingira madzi, ndipo chisindikizo chamadzimadzi chiyenera kutsimikizika mu chitoliro kuti mpweya wotentha wambiri kunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu usalowe m'malo ozizira osungiramo zinthu;
6) Pofuna kupewa kuti chitoliro chotulutsira madzi chisadetsedwe ndi kutsekeka, malo aliwonse ozizira ayenera kukhala ndi ngalande yosiyana pansi yosungunula madzi (malo osungiramo madzi mufiriji akhoza kuyikidwa mkati mwa malo osungiramo madzi, ndipo firiji iyenera kuyikidwa panja).
4. Miyezo ina ya uinjiniya
Kumanga malo a chipinda cha makina, mpweya wokwanira, kukonza mayunitsi, ndi zina zotero kuyenera kuchitika motsatira "Miyezo Yomanga ndi Kuyang'anira Uinjiniya Woyambira".
Ntchito yomanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zozizira yamagetsi iyenera kuchitika motsatira "Miyezo Yomanga ndi Kuyang'anira Zamagetsi Zamagetsi".
5. Kuwerengera katundu wosungiramo zinthu zozizira
Kuchuluka kolondola kwa malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira kuyenera kuwerengedwa malinga ndi pulogalamu yowerengera. Mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri akuphatikizapo Wittboxnp 4.12, Crs.exe, ndi zina zotero. Ngati zinthu monga kusungiramo chakudya, kutentha kwa malo osungiramo chakudya, nthawi yosungiramo, kuchuluka kwa zitseko, ndi chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito sizingadziwike, njira zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera:
5.1 Kuzizira kwa mafiriji ndi mafiriji kumawerengedwa molingana ndi W0=75W/m3 pa mita imodzi iliyonse, ndikuchulukitsidwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi zowongolera.
1) Ngati V (voliyumu ya malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira) < 30 m3, posungiramo zinthu zozizira zomwe zili ndi zitseko zambiri, chinthu chochulukitsa A=1.2
2) Ngati 30 m3≤V<100 m3, malo osungiramo ozizira okhala ndi nthawi yotsegulira zitseko pafupipafupi, chinthu chochulukitsa A=1.1
3) Ngati V≥100 m3, malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira okhala ndi nthawi yotsegulira zitseko pafupipafupi, chinthu chochulukitsa A=1.0
4) Ngati ndi malo osungira ozizira amodzi, chinthu chochulukitsa B=1.1, B=1 ina
Kuzizira komaliza W=A*B*W0*voliyumu
5.2 Kufananiza katundu pakati pa kukonza
Pa zipinda zogwirira ntchito zotseguka, werengerani ndi W0=100W/m3 pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki, ndikuchulukitsa ndi ma coefficients otsatirawa okonza.
Pa chipinda chogwirira ntchito chotsekedwa, werengerani molingana ndi W0=80W/m3 pa mita imodzi iliyonse, ndikuchulukitsa ndi coefficient yotsatirayi yokonza.
1) Ngati V (voliyumu ya chipinda chogwirira ntchito) < 50 m3, chulukitsani ndi chinthu A = 1.1
2) Ngati V≥50 m3, chinthu chochulukitsa A=1.0
Kuzizira komaliza W=A*W0*voliyumu
5.3 Nthawi zonse, mtunda wa zipsepse za fan yoziziritsira m'chipinda chokonzera ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira ndi 3-5mm, ndipo mtunda wa zipsepse za fan yoziziritsira mufiriji ndi 6-8mm.
5.4 Mphamvu yosungiramo zinthu mufiriji ya chipangizo chosungiramo zinthu zozizira iyenera kukhala ≥ katundu wosungiramo zinthu zozizira/0.85, ndipo kutentha kofanana kwa nthunzi kuyenera kukhala kotsika ndi 2-3°C kuposa kutentha kwa nthunzi ya mpweya wozizira (kutayika kwa kukana kuyenera kuganiziridwa).
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-30-2023
